ENLACES PARA TRABAJAR MEDIANTE JUEGOS

UNIT 10

THREE ECONOMIC SECTORS

THE ECONOMY

-         The economy is divided into the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

THE PRIMARY SECTOR

-         The primary sector takes raw materials from nature like vegetables and fruit, fish, wood, minerals and oil.

-         The main activities of the primary sector are: agriculture, farming, fishing, forestry and mining.

AGRICULTURE  AND  FARMING

-         Agriculture is the production of food, fibres and other products that come from plants and animals.

-         We call the plants crops, and the animals livestock.

-         Farmers work on farms.

FISHING

-         Fishermen catch fish and other animal, like shellfish, squid and octopuses.

-         Threre are two kinds of industrial fishing: coastal fishing and deep-sea fishing.

MINING

-         Mining is the extraction of minerals and metals from the Earth.

FORESTRY

-         Forestry is the practice of planting and taking care of forest and tree plantations.

THE SECONDARY SECTOR

INDUSTRY AND CRAFT

-         The secondary sector uses raw materials to produce finished products.

-         The secondary sector includes: manufacturing, processing, and construction.

-         The main products are: cars, clothes, buildings…

-         These products can be made in two different ways: by craft workers or by industrial workers.

-         The main activities of the secondary sector are: the automobile industry, the textile industry, the chemical industry and engineering.

THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

-         The automobile industry produces motor vehicles, like cars, buses...

-         There are lots of robots in an automobile factory.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

-         The textile industry manufactures cloth and fabrics.

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

-         The chemical industry converts raw materials, like water, metals, minerals and crude oil into different products like petrol, cosmetics and plastic objects.

ENGINEERING

-         Engineers design and construct things, like tunnels, bridges, motorways and buildings.

-         They also build machines and engines.

THE TERTIARY SECTOR

SERVICES

-         The tertiary sector is also known as the service sector.

-         The main activities of the tertiary sector are: education, healthcare, transport, financial sector and retail.

EDUCATION

-          Education transmits culture and information from generation to generation.

HEALTH CARE

-         People who work in health care, like doctors, surgeons and nurses take care of our health.

THE FINANCIAL SECTOR

-         The financial sector provides financial services to customers.

-         Banks are part of the financial sector.

TRANSPORT

-         Transport is a system of vehicles, like buses, trains, ships…that moves people, animals and products.

RETAIL

-          Retail is selling goods to customers in shops and in small quantities.

UNIT 8

FORCES

PUSHING AND PULLING

-         When we apply force to an object, we push or pull that object.

-         A force always acts in one direction.

USING FORCE

-         We use forces to do many things every day.

-         For example: to open or close a door or a window.

-         We need to apply more force to move heavier objects.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORCES

CONTACT FORCES

-         When one object touches another object, the objects are in contact.

-         When one of the objects pushes or pulls the other object, there is a contact force.

GRAVITY

-         Gravity is a force that attracts a smaller object to a larger object.

-         All objects that have mass are affected by gravity.

-         Gravity keeps the Earth and the other planets in the Solar System in their orbits around the Sun.

-         Without gravity, everything would float into space.

MAGNETISM

-         Magnetism is the force that magnets produce.

-         Magnets attract some metals like iron.

-         The ends of a magnet are called poles.

-         Magnetism has two directions. It can pull objects together or away from each other.

MACHINES

MACHINES ARE TOOLS

-         A machine is a tool that makes work easier.

-         There are two types of machines: simple machines and complex machines.

-         Complex machines are two or more simple machines working together.

WORK

-         When we use a force we are doing work.

-         Pushing, pulling and lifting are examples of work.

SIMPLE MACHINES

LEVER

-         A lever is a bar that moves on a point called fulcrum that helps us to move heavy things.

PULLEY

-         A pulley is a wheel with a rope that helps us to lift heavy things.

INCLINED PLANE

-         An inclined plane has an angle that reduce the force needed to move  something up or down.

SCREW

-         A screw is an inclined plane around a shaft that helps us to joint different parts.

WHEEL AND AXLE

-         A wheel spins around and axl and helps us to move objects.

WEDGE

-         A wedge is made of two inclined planes.

-         We use wedges to cut or separate things.

SIMPLE AND COMPLEX MACHINES

-         Complex machines are two or more simple machines working together.

-         A bicycle is an example of a complex machine:

o   Screws are used to joint the parts.

o   The pedals are examples of a wheel and an axle…

7 UNIT

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

-          Matter is anything that has mass and space.

DESCRIBING  MATTER

*Matter has four properties:

-         Size: big or small.

-         Shape: regular or irregular.

-         Colour: blue, red, yellow.

-         Texture: rough or smooth.

*We can measure length, volumen and mass:

-         Length: If an object is short or long.

   We measure length in metres.

-         Volume: Is the space an object occupies.

   We measure volume in litres.

-         Mass: If an object is heavy or light.

We measure mass in grammes and kilogrammes.

THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

We can find matter in three different states:

SOLIDS

-         Solids have a definite volume and shape.

LIQUIDS

-         Liquids have a definite volume, but they don´t have a definite shape.

-         They take the shape of their container.

GASES

-         Gases don´t have a definite volume or shape.

-         They take the shape and the volume of their container.

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE MATERIALS

NATURAL MATERIALS

*We find naturals materials in nature.

-         Minerals

o   We find minerals in rocks.

o   We use them as fuel, to make other materials like glass…

-         Wood

o   Wood comes from trees.

o   We use it, to make different things like paper and furniture.

-         Cotton

o   Cotton comes from the cotton plant.

o   We use it to make textiles and clothes.

-         Crude oil

o   We find crude oil underground.

o   We use it to make petrol, plastic…

-         Leather

o   Leather comes from animal skins.

o   We use it to make clothes, shoes…

MAN-MADE MATERIALS

*We can transform  naturals materials.

When we transform a natural material into another, we make man-made materials.

CHANGES IN MATTER

PHYSICAL CHANGES

-         When we change size, colour or shape we are making physical changes. For example, when we cut a piece of paper.

MIXTURES

-          Mixture are two or more kinds of matter that can be separated. For example, when we make a salad.

CHEMICAL CHANGES

When we transform one material into another, we make a chemical change. For example, when we burn wood